Migrationary Trends: Update

By: Bikal Dhungel

The UN and the IOM ( International Organisation of Migration ) published the migration trends of 2015 with the data provided in 2016. The trends looks similar to the years before but in comparison to a decade before, it has increased a lot. Outward migration was fueled by wars and violence in some parts of Asia and Africa. Inward migration was fueled by high economic development in East Asia and oil rich middle eastern countries.

The pictures below shows the number of international migrants by major area of destination and the migration by origin. The pictures show that Europe hosts largest number of migrants. It is also to be noted that Europe also has very high internal migration especially from Eastern to Western Europe.
                                                                           

( Source: UN, IOM Migration Report 2015 ) 

The two pictures below shows the countries sending the largest number of refugees in 2000 and 2015 and the destination. The figures remain almost unchanged except that the total number has increased drastically. The third picture below shows the direct connections meaning the countries providing largest number of immigrants to certain countries. This can be due to cultural links and ties, historical relations, Colonialism in the past etc. 

( Sources: All Pictures, UN, IOM, Migration Report 2015 ) 

Why Randomized Controlled Trials are best way for Economic Evaluations in Healthcare and Elsewhere

By: Bikal Dhungel 

Randomized Controlled Trials ( RCT )is  one of the simplest but most powerful tools of research. In essence, the randomized controlled trial is a study in which people are allocated at random to receive one of several clinical interventions (Jadad, 1998). RCTs are used to examine the effect of interventions on particular outcome such as death or the recurrence of disease. RCTs give structured data which could be drilled efficiently for research purposes.

Cost effectiveness analysis is an important tool in economic evaluation that helps in decision making for example which care should be provided under what condition. It is one among four types of Economic Evaluation (Others being CUA, CMA, CBA). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) defines it as “an economic study design in which consequences of different interventions are measured using a single outcome, usually in natural units for example life-years gained, deaths avoided, cases detected etc. Alternative interventions are then compared in terms of cost per unit of effectiveness.”

Cost Effectiveness Analysis for Economic Evaluation can be done by using two methods:

.     i)  Randomised Controlled Trial based: This is done to obtain primary data and to gain information in the first hand. However it also has limitations which we will discuss in this paper briefly. 


.     ii)  Decision Analytic Model based: Decision Analytic modelling are undertaken for the purpose of economic evaluation of health technologies. This involves the application of mathematical techniques to synthesize available information about healthcare processes and their implications. Hence, it provides an explicit two way bridge between primary data and the decisions they inform. These models embrace a variety of techniques, including decision-tree modelling1. 
The aim of this model is to gain understanding about the connections between incremental costs and its given consequences. A good decision analytic model should contain the following characteristics: 


            -  Internal Consistency 


            -  Transparency 


            -  Reproducibility 


            -  Interpretability 


            -  Exploration of Uncertainty etc 
RCT based economic evaluation can be the best method to calculate cost-effective analysis because of the following points: 


.     i)  Early/First chance to obtain use data: Economic evaluations conducted alongside RCT provide an early opportunity to produce reliable estimates of cost effectiveness at low marginal costs. Access to individual patient data also permits a wide range of statistical and econometric techniques. For example, to examine the relation between events of interest and health related quality of life or to explore subgroup differences2. Even though RCT based evaluation have limitations, they are likely to continue to have an important role in producing reliable estimates of cost effectiveness. 


.     ii)  Can collect data on effectiveness and cost for the same group of individuals. 


.     iii)  Opportunity to make decisions based on patient level data instead of aggregated data: Patient level data helps to improve decision making process because they are more focused. Patient level data is also more updated or at least permit updating. 
They have certain advantages over aggregated data. Some of them are3:

                        -  Address questions not addressed in original publication 


                        -  Permits data checking 


                        -  Permits checking of analyses 


                        -  Permits ready use of time-to-event data for estimating survival 


                        -  Ability to address long-term outcomes 


                        -  Facilitates exploration of heterogeneity at the patient level and subgroup analyses 
of patient level data. 
Having patient specific data on both costs and outcomes is potentially attractive for analysis ( Drummond et al ) 


.     iv)  Have high degree of internal validity: There is a wide recognition that pragmatic randomized trials are the best vehicle for economic evaluation. This is because trials 


provide the best chance of ensuring internal validity, not least through the rigorous prospective collection of patient-specific data. Similarly, it was found that the development of standard operating procedures for economic evaluations alongside pragmatic trials managed by a registered trials unit improve trial conduct and hence the validity and generalizability of results4. Internal validity is one of the most important parts of a research. Without internal validity, there can be no cause and effect, which means, the result of the research cannot be generalized. If it cannot be generalized, the whole research might be useless in some case. However, we should also keep in mind that even though the results cannot be generalized, the research will not be completely a waste.

.     v)  Collaboration between Health Economists and Trial professionals: It also requires a close collaboration of health economists and trial professionals but it will result in a quality outcome. However, in case of conflict or dissatisfaction between them, it can lead to the accumulation of flawed data or can even undermine the research study. 


.     vi)  Modest Cost: Collecting clinical data are costly. Especially it can incur large amount of fixed costs. ( Drummond et al ) claims that given high fixed costs, the marginal cost of collecting economic data may be modest. 


.     vii)  Advantages on Statistical Analysis of Patient-Level Data: Increased use of trial-based economic evaluation has led to a greater focus on issues of statistical analysis ( Drummond et al). This is particularly the case because such research can provide data about the use of resource, treatment effect and sub-samples of patients. Sample data in other hand will help to cope with uncertainties around the estimations of total costs and cost-effectiveness in patient population. In such case, Drummond et al claims further that the presence of sampled patience-level data on costs and effects offers the opportunity to move from ‘deterministic’ to ‘stochastic’ analysis for trial- based economic evaluation. 


Many researchers also claim that patient level pragmatic trials provide an opportunity to execute the economic evaluation under real world conditions. However, many aspects should be considered before doing a RCT based economic evaluation. The instruments or procedures that are going to be used should be tested for its easiness, efficiency or clarity.

In terms of use in longer term data-drilling, RCT based CEA are important because CEA has a capability to accommodate various types of models like survival analysis models which can often

be used to estimate various health related information for example life expectancy even without an intervention. The given ability of RCT based CEA to construct such model has caused increase in its use.

Limitations :there is no right answer why RCT based CEA is the best way of economic evaluation. The methods should be suitable for the given research and it can also be other methods like decision modelling. Especially if the RCT was done in multiple location or even multi-nationally, it should be checked in advance if the data can be used for economic evaluation. Here, other factors like purchasing power parity (PPP), currency etc should also be calculated in a common unit. For the same reason, RCT based economic evaluation may be too costly and may present some methodological challenges. Either the RCTs provide all the information required to do economic evaluation is also another issue. Since Healthcare decision making is a sensitive issue, wrong or biased data can lead to negative consequences.

While talking about limitations of RCT based CEA, it is important to mention why and in which case decision analytic models can be better. Drummond et al claim, especially when there is a specific resource-allocation decision to be taken, decision modelling instead of RCT is useful and it offers a means of synthesizing available evidence from a range of sources than relying on a single study. Additionally, it provides a framework within which the limitations of randomized trials as a vehicle for economic evaluation can be addressed. It also helps to identify optimal interventions under uncertainty and contributes to the process of setting research priorities. ( Drummond et al )

Concluding everything, RCT the economic evaluation. Because they could be integrated so well, they are also called ‘The piggyback economic evaluation’. Since there is a possibility to have an access on individual patients level data, economic evaluations based on RCTs are gaining importance and are an important tool in research methods. They have been used to inform the healthcare decision makers and government institutions. (Glick et al) also argues that trial-based cost-effective analyses should adopt an intention to treat design. Our aim of this essay was to understand in detail about possible advantages of RCT based CEA and we have discussed several factors. Addition to that, it should also include issues of sampling uncertainty as well as the tests

of homogeneity of economic outcome. The whole aim of economic evaluation is to inform the policy makers, so the relevance of RCT based CEA should be dealt in in detail and we should address the following questions like

            -  Why are they relevant and what are the important attributes of it? And what are the attributed that doesn’t make them relevant? 


            -  Can single-trial based economic evaluation be relevant? 


            -  Can they be sufficient to make a decision? 
Hence, considering their advantages and also limitations, RCT based EE can be the best method. 


This article primary focused on health sector but the RCTs are gaining popularity in other sectors of Economics as well especially Development Economics. The Abdul Jameel Latib Poverty Lab of MIT led by Esther Duflo and Abhijeet Banerjee runs controlled RCTs in Southasia trying several aspects of poverty and development. The whole book “Poor Economics” includes findings of such RCTs. The book presents a good picture of why theory does not work, under which conditions the poverty reduction policies will work. This is a good start of looking the different aspect of development policy.

References Used: 

Reference & Bibliography

1. 1-  Decision Analytic Modelling in the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies, A Consensus Statement http://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.43761!/file/MCCABE.PDF ( Retrieved 2nd March 2014 )
   
2. 2-  S Petrou, A Gray, Economic Evaluation Alongside RCT: Design Conduct, Analysis and Reporting. BMJ 2011;342:d1548 http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1548#ref-53 ( Retrieved 9th March 2014 )
   
3. 3-  G Laymann, N Kuderer, The strengths and limitations of meta-analyses based on aggregate data. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2005, 5:14 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/5/14/ ( Retrieved 9th March 2014 )
   
4. 4-  Edwards et al, Economic Evaluation Alongside pragmatic randomised trials: developing a standard operating procedures for clinical trials units. US National Institutes of Health. V 9 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615739/ ( Retrieved: 9th March 2014 )
   

Briggs A, Sculpher M and Claxton K. Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation, Gray A & Briggs A, editors. Vol.1. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2006.

Drummond et al, “Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes”, Chapter 8 and 9. Oxford University Press, 2005 3rd edition. ISBN: 978-019-852945-3

Glick et al, “ Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials “ , Chapter 2, 8 and 11. Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN: 978-0-19852997

Jadad AR. Randomised controlled trials: a user's guide. London, England: BMJ Books, 1998
Noble SM, Hollingworth W and Tilling A. Missing data in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the
current state of play. Health Econ 2012. 21: 187–200

Petrou S, Gray A. Economic evaluation alongside randomised controlled trials: design, conduct,
analysis, and reporting. BMJ 2011; 342 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d1548

Ramsey S, Willke R, Briggs A. Good Research Practices for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Alongside Clinical Trials: The ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force Report. Value in Health 2005: Vol.8, N.5, 521– 533. 

Dont let an act of hate destroy your faith on humanity

By: Bikal Dhungel 

I was shocked by the news when I read that a several ton Lorry was driven towards the mass of people in a Christmas Market in Berlin, Germany. This is clearly an act of terrorism, an act of cowardness and a terrible crime. Until now 12 people lost their lives and several dozens were injured. Probably hundreds of people who saw this insanity in-front of their eyes in Berlin will be traumatized for the rest of their lives. In addition to it, the feeling of 'Angst' that Germans and Europeans have now will cause a vital change in people's lives. People would attempt to avoid mass gatherings and hot spots that are likely to be a target of terrorist activities.

Although the same kind of act took place in Nizza, France, this time in Berlin left a shock in me. May be because I am one of them and may be this is a special country for me, a homeland that taught me so many things in my life. This country gave me higher education which would not have been easier to gain otherwise. This is also a country where I have most friends. In Berlin, at least many people live whom I know personally and several dozens of my facebook friends. Berlin is also very international, so people from all around the world live there, hence, this news would reach to all corners of the world within a short time.

The only two groups of people who celebrated this incidence I guess were the terrorists themselves and the far-right extremist parties that were busy spreading sentiments against refugees and immigrants in general. Such incidences would mean that they will gain voters. Soon after it, the politicians were writing posts and tweets blaming Refugees, blaming our Chancellor and blaming Muslims and in some extent, immigrants. The Chancellor was blamed for being liberal ( though she is not a liberal, she is a Conservative , from a conservative christian party called CDU ). Other liberal parties were blamed, who did nothing to fuel this terror. The only ones who were to blame were the very politicians of such right wing parties and the followers as well as those who were expressing their frustrations on Refugees because they instrumentalize such incidences to fulfill their racist goals. What will happen when a person blames on Refugees in general after this ? This will create hate or increase hate and fuel hate crimes. The days, weeks and months following, there will be more hate crimes and yet other innocents will loose their lives. Similarly, this will also increase fear. People then live with fear but fear is a terrible thing. Fear fuels hate, fear fuels enemity and makes impossible to live in a cosmopolitan place. Germany is already cosmopolitan. Over 35% people in West Germany has a foreign root and this number is even higher in big cities. So, such acts will create a division of people like 'us' and 'they'. So, people writing any form of blame will contribute to this fear and hate that can only end up in tragedy. Secondly, this is exactly what the terrorists want, to divide the Germans. So, acting in such a way in hot situations means telling the terrorists that they have succeeded in what they wanted. Fortunately, the wisdom of majority of German people did not let that happen. Germans, and Immigrants and Refugees went to the streets with candles and flowers and paid sympathy for those who lost lives and condemned any act of terror towards innocent civilians.

It is easily said than done when people say, 'You have to control people coming in'. Of course you need to know who is coming in but the risks we face today is much broader. First, terrorists with real intention of harm can enter the continent with any other type of visa. The September 11 terrorist Mohammed Atta came ot Hamburg, Germany as a student. Terrorists can come with a tourist visa or in many cases, there are home grown terrorists who were born and raised in the continent. And obviously terrorists can also come as a tourist. 32 million tourists come to Germany in a yearly basis. It is not possible to carry detailed check ins of all people.

Security risk is just one type of risk. But there are other types of risks as well, like health risks. A person can enter the country with any form of disease and can infect hundreds of people. So, carrying out a detailed health check ups of every person coming in would be vital. So, at last the 'things to do' can be so vast that it would be cost effective to completely stop anyone from coming to the country. This is obviously impossible.

So, what should we do in such a world. The simplified answer is to start thinking globally. Solving security problems globally, solving health issues globally and solving education problems globally. Instead of trying to make a country secure from all sorts of threats, it is important to understand the threat itself. Where do the threat come from, and why ? What makes people to get radicalized ? When the symptoms were found and solutions, it makes it easier to solve the problems. German police cannot just think of blocking all Christmas market with walls so that no lorries can drive in. Even if they are successful in doing so, the next day the terrorists will find another way to carry out such activities. But when the policy makers go back to the roots of the problem and tackle it there, it far outweighs the cost to tackle the problem. However, this is a separate issue.

Coming back to the topic, an attempt to divide the people from any force can be best countered by even more unity and even more cooperation. I see similar acts in developing countries press every day. Politicians attempt to divide people based on ethnic groups, origin, religion, geography and so on to secure their job and to gain financial rewards in doing so. When people let themselves fooled by such leaders, the result is always tragic. All ethnic division led to destruction, countries divided and many are still fighting the civil war, so called 'failed states'. Similarly, Nationalism or Isolationism led to war and violence as well. Going back to 1933, Hitler designed several propaganda that Jews were harming the society, they are sucking the societal wealth and helping to keep many people poor. Such propaganda were spread throughout the means of mass communication. Then the people were told not to buy at Jews. Then they burnt Jewish books, then suddenly burnt Jewish shops, houses and finally, captured the Jews and other 'un-wanted' people and killed them in Gas Chambers or Concentration camps etc. It all started with 'us' versus 'them' and it took a whole of 7 years to build up so much hate that people were ready to kill each others. Many such holocausts are taking place in several countries throughout Africa and Asia. When we look back to the origins of that, they all started with 'us' versus 'them'.

Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda lived peacefully for hundreds of years, and suddenly the ethnic nationalism killed one million Tutsis within 3 months time. Indians and Pakistanis lived in peace all the time until there was somebody fueling 'Muslims' versus 'Hindus' propaganda. During the partition alone, 1.5 million died and several millions in the consequent years. Yugoslavians lived in peace for hundreds of years despite cultural diversity until someone started to tell, we are this and they are that. Consequence was a terrible civil war with tens of thousands of deaths. What lesson we should learn from this is, ' I will not let any portion of hate in my mind, because hate destroys both parties'. Hate makes mind biased and disturbs balanced thinking. One can 'not like' something, one can also criticize something constructively but once hate comes before anything, it will lead to a disaster.

I believe, without the liberal humanism of John F Kennedy and Nikita Khurushev, the nuclear war between the two super powers of that time couldn't be avoided. Without the Dalai Lama's stance of peace and rejection of violence, China could not sleep today in peace. All three of them rejected hate and believed firmly on the power of love. The German society, along with the immigrants living in Germany should move even closer, integrate more with a promise that they wont let any single act of terrorism divide their friendship and faith on each other. Together they can tackle their common enemy and would make a society based on friendship and mutual understanding possible. It is better to live in a society where there are people whom one can trust than a society where one should continually fear. The latter, surely would create lots of other tragedy in the future. I am a firm believer in the wisdom of German people and their capability of convincing those who have a different opinion. By this way, the Germans and the peace lovers win and terrorists and right-wing extremists/nationalists will loose.  

What it takes to build a nation

By: Bikal Dhungel

Especially citizens of developing countries spend a good amount of time thinking about how to develop a nation. Most of the time, development is also misunderstood by just physical development like roads and building. Although good roads and buildings represent development, it is not all this. Development is a base and it needs to be physical, social and sustainable as well. And the second mistake that has been generally accepted is that a normal citizen is hoping that the politician would come and bring all the change. Unfortunately, this is mostly not true. Development needs a team-work from all people and profession. When all of them seek the best and do the best in their own area with specialization, a nation will move towards development. So, the main actors of development are teachers, scientists, business people, politicians and people throughout all diverse profession and most importantly, responsible citizen.

What it takes to make a successful country is creative people in all areas. Only through specialization, it is possible to create such experts. Being a jack of all does not result in specialiation but being a master does.

The tale of two nations:

1. The United Kingdom: The scientists who paved path to further development through their initial research were indeed people like Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage, James Watt and Alexander Graham Bell. They contributed in their own field, at last they discovered which caused other breakthroughs in the coming years and decades. Without the steam engine, industrialization could not be possible. Similarly, in the field of literature, the British pioneers like Shakespeare, Charles Darwin, Jane Austen and several others contributed enormously that the english literature became popular throughout the world. Then there are politicians, lawyers and normal people who contributed their tiny part which made development possible.
2. Germany: Germany is another example of highly advanced development. Since early 19^th century, the country has been a hub for world's famous inventors and innovators. In the field of technology, Robert Bosch with his invention caused wide range of Bosch products today. Rudolf Diesel with Diesel Engine, Wilhelm Roentgen with X-Ray, Robert Koch with his invention, Max Planck on whom the Max Planck Institute has been named, Werner von Siemens with Siemens company, Adi Dassler of Adidas, Fritz Haber and many other inventors played a strong role to industrialize and their creation today continue to innovate in many sectors. In the field of Politics, Germany had charismatic and visionary politicians who guided the countries towards prosperity, like Otto von Bismarck, Ludwig Erhard, Willy Brandt and many more. In the field of sociology, pioneers like Max Weber, In the field of literature, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Heinrich Boell and others. And many other humanitarian visionaires who made social justice and economic development possible.

So, it is the team work of everybody. So, hopes on politicians alone for economic and social development alone is not enough. It is the team work of everybody. Until people do not contribute their part but hope others to develop, simply, there will be no development. First, a moral foundation should be there. As Adam Smith wrote 'Theory of Moral Sentiments' first and then 'Wealth of Nations', without a moral base, development is not possible. The evidence of this is modern day Europe. Places where societal morals in the age of Enlightenment were usual, experienced development in a rapid pace. Other places took some time. The lesson from this article is simple: development is a bottom-up game where contributions from all the participants of society is vital. Hoping, politicians will do it and not contributing one's part will only postpone development.  

Bitaranmukhi bajet kina khatara huncha ?

By: Bikal Dhungel

Yes barsa oli sarkar le 10 kharba ko bajet lyaye. Charcha paricharcha nikai vayo. ' paisa artha mantralaya ko daraj ma kuhiyayera rakhne haina ' vanne jasta tarka gari bitaran mukhi budjet lyaiyo, sath sathai lagani briddhi hune kaam, bikash ra sichya jasto chetra ma vane bajet ghataiyo. 2-4 jana artha sastri bahek arule yo budjet ko khulerai prasamsa gare tara tyo prasamsa ra tarif le ek din lakhau Nepali harulai ruhaune cha. Yes lekh marfat tyo kina hanikarak cha, ra bitaranmukhi budjet kina khatara huncha prasta paarna chahanchu.

Budjet lai saral sabda ma vanda harek manche ko ghar kharcha jasari taya garincha, budjet pani tehi ho tara euta singai desh lai euta ghar ko rup ma liyera. Euta samanya ghar ma aayeko aamdani, ghar kharcha, khana, padhai yityadi ma jancha, padhai ma kharcha garnu lagani garnu ho jasko fal swarup padhne manche le vabisya ma nokari gari thap aamdani garcha. Testai desh ko sandharba ma pani budjet lagani garne kaam haruma paryapta kharcha garema vabisya ma tesle desh ko aamdani badhaucha.

Nepal ma utpadan lagvag lagvag sunya cha. Utpadan sunya tara paisa ko matra badhi huda tesle mulya briddhi garaaucha ra jo garib cha, jasko aamdani chaina usle mulya briddhi khapna sakdaina. Short term ma vanda pani long term ma budjet ko yo chadatantra le durghatna lyaaucha, ra madhyam barga ko binash garcha.

Budjet ko ek udesya ho , sustainable development. Jasari ek garib tara bidwan bau le afu khai nakhai chora chori laai padhaucha ani voli parsi jaba ti chora chori padhera thulo manche hunchan, tyo pariwar garibi bata umkancha. Aauda pusta harulai sichya ko mahatwa thaha huncha ra uniharu garibi ko rekha muni farkane sambhawana nyuna huncha. Tara yedi tyo bau le afno purai aamdani harek din ko kharcha ma lagai sichya ma lagani nagarne ho vane aja ko din ta ramro hola tara vabisya andhakar huncha. Chyadik aananda ko lagi vabisya ko parbaha nagarne manche, pariwar, samaj ra muluk ko vabisya ujwal hudaina. Aba yehi udaharan desh ko budget ma lagu garda, chyadik rup ma budget andha dhunda rup ma baadda yo sal ta ramailo hola tara vabisya ma Nepali le garibi khepnu parcha.

Tesaile, tehi garib tara bidwan manche le jasto budjet vabisya ko lagi lagani ma kharcha garnu parcha, sip bikash ma lagaunu parcha ra sp le rojgari create garcha jasko fal swarup vabisya ma garib hatcha. Bitaranmukhi budget sasto lokpriyata ko lagi ho. Nepal ma paisa ko kami chaina. Legal rup ma barsik 6 arab dollor Remittance aaucha, illegal rup ma aaune rakam tyo vanda pani dherai cha tara yedi ahile kai jasto remittance khapat garne matra prayog garne ho, lagani, sip bikash ma prayog nagarne ho vane bitaranmukhi budget jasto yesle durghatana matra lyaucha.  

Aleppo 7

By: Bikal Dhungel

While the civilians including women and children were being shot and the city of Aleppo being turned to ashes, in the world, business went as usual. The Do Jones index ran positive and barely any newspaper made it to the headline. Apart from few hundred people in German cities and Copenhagen went to streets and light the candles for people of Aleppo, nothing really happened. Candles are just gestures but in such situations, gestures are useless. Only immediate action can save lives. When the Americans and Canadians landed in Normandy, when the Russians marched into Berlin, when the NATO started shooting in Yugoslavia, only then the people of Europe were saved from atrocities. Actions are needed in Syria to stop violence. However, when the world is divided, no action can be taken. This division has political ego. This has profit motive. That is why, Syria was left as it is. The question goes, why is the world divided ? The world is divided because there is force, especially Russia which is seeking its share of the Pie to get building contracts in Syria. Wealth. Possession.

How did it all start ? Why possession caused all the evils we have ? This goes back to our existence. The hunting and gathering society did not possess anything apart from the sharp arrow needed to hunt down big animals. Whatever they hunted, they ate right away and kept for few days to consume and then they move away. It made no sense to keep anything as foods will get rotten and cannot be consumed. As it was difficult to carry any stuffs, hunting and gathering societies lived with as little as possible. They also had children once when one child is able to walk on its own otherwise it would be very difficult to carry multiple children. This was how the nature made them. However, things started to change since the creation of agricultural societies in Nile Valley civiliation, Indus valley civiliation and probably elsewhere as there is no evidence about where the agricultural societies originated. As people started to store grains and seeds to consume in the future, it was a real creation of societies and class and kings. With the will to accumulate more to their group and societies, humans begans to attack other groups of humans in order to capture their wealth. First it was for the crops, then it was for lands, then resources and other things. Since that time, rarely any year , people lived in peace. The 1000 years of European history is full of wars. Large fraction of history books consist of wars and terrors. It is the same now. Apart from few parts of the world, small or large scale or war is going on every where. The way how war is fought has changed but still, countries have rejected the 'Just War' theory of christianity and continue to disregard any idea of humanity.

There are enough examples of atrocities throughout the world in all time. Every time they said, this kind of act should never happen but it continues to happen. Wars have decreased overall due to the creation of institutions, trade links and the overall liberalisation of education. However, every single life lost due to war is too many.

I think, one of the way to decrease the number of war in the world is to connect the world even more through trade links, through international friendships and through the change in education system based on the principle of non-violence. In Scandinavian countries and few northern European countries, even if you have done a minimal level of crime like stealing chewing gum from the shop, this would register this crime in the police office which makes him very difficult to find jobs because employers look for criminal records. Secondly, children need an overall education that any act of violence is morally wrong. Unfortunately, some violent people does not know that being violent is not right and those who know it, know that they are doing a wrong thing. This education is very important. This will have an immense impact on crime and violence. How war has been avoided in Western Europe is exactly this princple, among others. Along with strong trade links, a common government, liberalized education system based on humanity and non-violence, they created a mass which rejects violence, of course with some exceptions. The implementation of this in wider level will create more peace in the society, hence the future leaders who are unlikely to go to war against the other.

As with every other genocide or violence, there will be a film about Aleppo in some years which will probably win some awards and will be a source of momentary entertainment for the world. The film might be called Aleppo 7. Let peace prevail.  

क्यास्ट्रो र क्युबा

By: Bikal Dhungel 

यसै हप्ता क्युबा का नेता फिडेल क्यास्ट्रो को ९० वर्ष को उमेरमा मृत्यु भयो | संसार भरि बाट "महान नेता " को मृत्यु भएकोमा विभिन्न माध्यम बाट समबेदना प्रस्तुत गरियो | बिसेस गरि नेपाल बाट त नहुने कुरै भएन किनकि कम्युनिजम संसार बाटै फ्लप खाए पनि नेपालमा भने अझै यो प्रथा को गाथा खुब गाइन्छ | प्राय नेपाली राजनीतिक पार्टी कम्युनिस्ट म्यान्डेट लिएरै अगाडी बढेका छन् | राजनीतिमा उनीहरुकै हाबी छ | यो प्रथा लाइ राम्रो संग बुझे पनि नबुझे पनि , क्यास्ट्रो लाइ राम्रो संग चिने पनि नाचिने पनि , "एक योद्धा, महान नेता, " यित्यादी सब्द भने थुप्रै लेखिए.| 

कसैको मृत्यु हुदा समबेदना दिनु सभ्यता हो चाहे त्यो जस्तो सुकै मान्छे होस् | क्यास्ट्रो को मृत्यु प्रति समबेदना दिदै उनलाई कसरि मुल्यांकन गर्ने भन्ने कुरा प्रस ट्याउन चाहन्छु | कुनै पनि नेताको मुल्यांकन गर्न उनको स्वभाब , ब्यबहार भन्दा पनि उनले समाज र देश लाइ के प्रतिफल दिए भन्ने कुरा मा हुन्छ | उनले के outcome ल्याए भन्ने हुन्छ | उनले जनताको जिबन स्तर कति सहज बनाउन मदत गरे, के बिकाश गरे, यित्यादी पक्ष हरु महत्वपुर्ण हुन्छ | नेताको व्यक्तिगत जिबनी , बैबाहिक सम्बन्ध यित्यादी महत्वपुर्ण हुदैन किनकि सफल नेताको व्यक्तिगत जिबन कोलाहलपूर्ण हुन सक्छ | सबै डाक्टर स्वस्थ हुदैनन् , सबै अर्थासास्त्री धनि हुदैनन् तेसैगरी सबै सफल नेता सबै तिर उत्क्रीस्ट पनि हुन सक्दैनन् | जोन एफ केनेडी र बिल क्लिन्टन को जिबन व्यक्तिगत रुपमा कोलाहलपूर्ण रह्यो तर उनीहरुले आफुलाई सफल नेता को रुप मा प्रस्तुत गरेर देखाए |

१९५० को दसक को जनआन्दोलन पछि मृत्युको केहि वर्ष अघि सम्म क्यास्ट्रो ले एकल राज गरेर बसे , राजनीतिक रुपमा सक्रिय भए | तेसपछि पनि अहिले उनका भाई राउल क्यास्ट्रो ले सत्ता सम्हाली रहेछन | क्यास्ट्रो को करिब ५० वर्ष को सासनमा बिकाश भने केहि पनि भएन | अमेरिकाले लगाएको अर्थिक प्रतिबन्ध ( Embargo ) लाइ जति दोस दिए पनि अविकास को कारण भने उनीहरु आफै हुन् . अमेरिकाले प्रतिबन्ध लगाए पनि बाकि बिस्वले लगाएको छैन , बिकाश अमेरिका बिना पनि सम्भब थियो | 

" साम्राज्यबाद " को बिरोधि क्यास्ट्रो आफै साम्राज्यबादीका सन्तति थिए | उनका पिता एन्जेल क्यास्ट्रो स्पेनिस साम्राज्य बाट क्युबा आइ उखु खेति गरि बसेका ब्यापारी थिए. तानासाही Fulgencio Batista को सासन बिरुद्ध जनआन्दोलन मा क्यास्ट्रो को भूमिका प्रसंसनिय छ तर तेस पछि कम्युनिजम को नाममा उनि आफै तानासाही भएर राज गरिरहे | अस्ट्रियन अर्थासास्त्री Friedrich Hayak ले एक किताब लेखेका छन्, “The Road to Serfdom” अथवा नेपालीमा उल्था गर्दा " तानासाह/सामन्ती तर्फ को बाटो " जसमा हायेक ले भनेका छन् " कम्युनिस्ट हरु सुरुमा सामाजिक न्याय को नाम लिएर क्रान्तिमा उत्रंछन् , रगत बगाएरै भएर पनि सत्ता कब्जा गर्छन ( माओबादी ले जस्तै ) अनि जनता माथि आफ्नो सिद्दान्त लाद्न खोज्चन , जुन सम्भब हुदैन , अनि जसले उनीहरुले भनेको मान्दैनन तिनीहरुलाई मारिन्छ, लखेटीन्छ , फरक सोच भएकै कारण जेलमा हालिन्छ अनि ति सामाजिक न्याय बिरुद्ध लड्ने योद्धा हरु आफै तानासाही भएर निस्कनछन् | इतिहास साक्षि छ | स्टालिन लाइ रसियन हरु आफै तानासाही को रुपमा लिनछन् , उत्तर कोरियाका किम जोङ्ग उन अर्का तानासाही हुन् भने तेसै गरि आफ्नो कृसी क्रान्ति सफल बनाउने क्रममा ३ करोड मान्छे को ज्यान गइ सक्दा पनि त्यो नीतिले हुदो रहेनछ भन्ने नबुझ्ने अबुझ माओ जेडंग अर्का उदाहरण हुन् | माओ को मृत्यु पछि उनको ठिक उल्टो सिद्दान्त ( पुंजिबाद र खुला अर्थतन्त्र ) लिएर अघि बढेका देङ्ग जिआओ पिङ्ग ६० करोड मान्छे लाइ गरिबीको रेखा मुनि बाट बाहिर निकाल्न सफल भए र उनकै कारण चीन आज एउटा अमेरिका लाइ टक्कर दिने सक्तिसाली अर्थतन्त्र भएको छ |

माओ , स्टालिन, र किम जोङ्ग उन जस्तै आफ्नो भन्दा फरक सोच राख्ने लाइ जेलमा हाल्ने, देस निकाला गर्ने अर्का नेता हुन् फिडेल क्यास्ट्रो | व्यक्तिगत रुपमा उनलाई सफल नेता भन्दा गल्ति हुदैन किनकि उनले सोभियत संघ को आड मा क्युबा लाइ अमेरिकी पुंजिबाद बाट बचाए | तर तेस्ले क्युबाली जनता लाइ के दियो ? गरिबी र दरिद्रता . फरक विचार राख्ने त उनको सासन प्रति असन्तुस्ट दसौ लाख क्युबाली मर्न वा देस छोडी भाग्न बाध्य भए | बिस्व स्वास्थ सुचीमा क्युबा को स्थिति प्रसंसनिय भए पनि एक चौथाई नेपाली मूलका भुटानी नागरिक लाई बल प्रयोग गरि देश निकाला गरेर आज भुटान "Brutto National Happiness" को झुट जसरि फ़ैल्याउदै छ, क्युबा को स्थिति पनि तेस्तै तेस्तै छ | महत्वपुर्ण कुरा बढी बाच्नु हैन, जिबन स्तर राम्रो पार्नु हो . जहाँ औसत आयु लामो छ तर मान्छे ले स्वतन्त्रता, प्रजातन्त्र र मानब अधिकार को प्रयोग गर्न सक्दैन , आरामले बाच्ने अधिकार पाउदैन, बढी बाँच्नु को अर्थ रहदैन | 

क्युबा एक सानो देस हो , संसारको सबै भन्दा धनि देश को छिमेकि पनि हो | क्युबाले अमेरिकी पुंजिबाद अंगालथ्यो त आज सायद सिंगापुर, दक्षिन कोरिया वा पश्चिम जर्मनी हुन्थ्यो होला | यी तिन ओटै देसले अमेरिकी सहयोगमा तिब्र आर्थिक वृद्धि हासिल गर्न सफल भए . दृतिय बिस्व युद्ध पछि पश्चिम युरोपले पुंजिबाद , खुला अर्थतन्त्र र प्रजातन्त्र को मोडेल अपनाए भने पुर्बी युरोपले कम्युनिस्ट नीति | त्यो वर्ष ,जब कम्युनिजम को अन्त्य भयो र सोभियत संघ ढल्यो , पश्चिम यूरोप को बर्सिक आम्दानी पुर्बी युरोप को भन्दा औसत मा २५ गुना बढी रहेछ . आज दसौ लाख पुर्बी यूरोपेली पश्चिम युरोपमा काम गर्न गएका छन् र कतिले त कम्युनिजम लाइ प्रतिबन्ध नै लगाएका छन् | 

अर्को तर्फा कोरियाली इतिहास हेर्ने हो भने कोरियन युद्ध अगाडी दक्षिन कोरिया भन्दा उत्तर कोरिया आर्थिक रुपमा सम्पन्न र सक्तिसाली थियो | दक्षिन कोरियाले पुजीबादी नीति लियो र ४० वर्षको अन्तरालमा संसार कै एक गरिब राष्ट्र बाट बिस्व को टप २० अर्थतन्त्र भित्र पस्न सफल भयो | आज दक्षिन कोरियाली ब्र्याण्ड हरु Samsung, Daewoo, LG र अन्य बिस्वमै प्रख्यात छन् भने कम्युनिस्ट उत्तर कोरिया एसिया कै गरिब देश मद्धेमा पर्छ , र तानासाही भएर निस्केको छ , Friedrich Hayak ले “The Road to Serfdom” मा भने जस्तै |

मृत्यु पछि फिडेल क्यास्ट्रो को बारे विभिन्न लेख निस्किए , पछि किताब निस्केलान , उनको महान क्रान्ति लाइ पुज्यनीय बनाउन हजारौ वा लाखौ सब्द हरु खर्चिन पर्ला तर एक सफल नेताको प्रस्तुत गर्न सब्द हैन , अंक चाहिन्छ , लि कुआन इउ (Lee Quan Yew) जस्तो | जब उनले सिंगापुरमा राज गर्न सुरु गरे , त्यहाको औसत बर्सिक आम्दानी ४०० अमेरिकी डलर को हाराहारी मा थियो , जब उनले ३५ वर्ष पछि सत्ता छोडे , हरेक सिंगापुरी नागरिक को औसत बर्सिक आम्दानी ५० हजार डलर थियो | तेही दुइ अंक नै काफी भयो लि क़ुआन इउ को मुल्यांकन गर्न | यिनै दुइ अंक भित्र बयान गर्न नसकिने इतिहास लुकेको छ . सफल नेता भनेको लि क़ुआन इउ जस्तो हुनु पर्छ | 

क्यास्ट्रो लाइ सफल कम्युनिस्ट नेता भनेर पनि भन्न नमिल्ला किनकि कम्युनिस्ट ले सबै भन्दा ठुलो सत्रु मान्ने “Class Struggle” उनले आफ्नै देश बाट हटाउन पनि असफल भए | क्यास्ट्रो आफैले धनिले खेल्ने खेल भनि चिनिने गल्फ मनग्य रुपमा खेली पछि सबै गल्फ कोर्समा बुल्डोजर लगाउन आदेस दिए पनि क्युबा मा Class Struggle अझै यथावत छ | एका तर्फ़ राजनीतिक पहुच भएको धनि वर्ग छ भने अर्को तर्फ़ पर्यटन ब्यबसाय चलाउने मध्यम वर्ग छ भने अर्को तर्फ़ २ छाक खान धौ धौ पर्ने र खुला आकाश मुनि तारा गन्दै  सुत्नु पर्ने बाध्यता भएको गरिब को सबै भन्दा ठुलो वर्ग छ | जनआन्दोलन को ६० वर्ष पछि उही स्थिति यथावत रहनु क्यास्ट्रो को व्यक्तिगत र क्युबाको समग्र हार हो | हो , असमानता पुजीबादी देशमा पनि ब्यापक हुन्छ तर पनि पुजीबादी अमेरिकाको गरिब मान्छे पनि बिस्वको औसत व्यक्ति भन्दा धनि छन् | पुजीबादी जर्मनीको कसैले पनि सिक्षा र स्वास्थ को सुबिधा बाट बन्चित हुनु पर्दैन , आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता को अभ्यास गर्न बाट डराउनु पर्दैन , विचार राख्दा जेल परिएला भन्ने डराउनु पर्दैन, उत्तर कोरिया र क्युबा मा जस्तो | फिडेल क्यास्ट्रो एक तानासाही थिए जसले एउटा धेरै सम्भावना बोकेको मुलुक लाइ बिकाश को उज्यालो बाट रोकेर अन्धकारमा राख्न सफल भए | आउने दिन हरुमा क्युबा ले त्यो अन्धकार लाइ पन्छाई आर्थिक वृद्धि को बाटो लेओस | क्यास्ट्रो को आत्माले चिर सान्ति पाओस | लाल सलाम 

Digital Dividends and World Development

By: Bikal Dhungel

Few things I passionately wait for to read every year is the UNDP's World Development Report. Others being 'Least Development Country Report' by UNCTAD, World Health Report by WHO and 'Global Wealth Report' by Credit Suisse. All of them is a matter of interest for those interested in development. The UNDP chooses a topic that is current and explores the role of this topic in development. Last year 'Mind Society and Behaviour' was a groundbreaking study that lead to further research in this field. This year the UNDP reported on 'Digital Dividends' which highlighted the role of IT in the field of development throughout the least developed countries.

The development of IT sector has been phenomenal. Though it was a slow mover in the 80s, after the new millennium, it took a new height. Development of advanced machines is not new. The concept of Computer itself goes back to 100 years but it was only the workshops of people like Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and several more that jumped a giant leap forward. Still, no one thought the there is will a quarter of world population with at least a computer on the desk. The development of digital technology as well as telecommunication has led the development process further than it would have been, without it. Today, there are more mobile phones in developing countries than toilets. This tendency will grow further. Digital development has led to increased literacy, increased health access, empowerment of women and the poor.

The World Development Report mentions 9 major areas where digitization can have impact and contribute to development namely Growth Acceleration, Agriculture, Digital Finance, Opportunity Expansion, Education, Social Media, Services, E-health and Digital Identity. The second part discusses the policies that should be undertaken. Digitization can impact in creating smart cities which the growing world population is making it a vital thing because otherwise the creation of slums like those in some big cities. Secondly, it can contribute in data revolution that can contribute to research and development and better decision making in both public and private sector. Apart from helping in individual sectors, it contributes in global cooperation and tend to connect the world which has mostly positive impact. The Arab Spring would not have been possible without people connecting through smart phones and iphones. But at the same time, bad intention can make our data insecure which can have negative implication. Hacking accounts and personal details for personal gain has been a serious topic where government and companies are spending heave amounts to make their system and data secure.

The main message from the report is that analog development must take place as well so that the fruit of digital development could be fully enjoyed. If a country restrict the freedom of expression, information and human rights, the information cannot flow properly and there can be no exchange hence no further development. Secondly, although digitalisation has grown, it has not spread evenly to all sectors of the society. Hence, inclusion is another most important thing. Inclusion based on all ethnicity, age groups and sex. The states should focus on ending the digital divide. In addition to it, they have to enhance institutions which focus on increasing digital accessibility, they have to focus on rules and regulation as a base to new information age, and skills development. A large portion of people are still barred from using technologies. Over half of the world population still has no access to it. A globalized market gives opportunity to prosper in the border-less world if technologies are used in a right way.

Since a long time, there is a discussion going on if developing countries can follow the path of today's developed countries to develop economically. This development was catastrophic for the environment that caused Climate Change which again has a reverse impact on both poor and rich countries. Given a right use and skills development, the next industrial revolution could be digital, hence not fully counter-productive for the nature. Of course there will be some impact on the environment because the computers, mobile phones should be built out of materials that are already rare and the energy usage connected to it but the environmental impact can le lessened. At the same time, it also cannot be ignored that there have been massive development of renewable energy system with no negative impact on the environment. Combined, the digital technologies can be an important force for further advancement in science and technology eventually for development and developing countries are the ones who will profit the most from it.  

बजेट जात्रा, बिकाश र खोक्रो रास्ट्रबाद

By: Bikal Dhungel

( यो लेख कुनै राजनीतिक  पार्टी र व्यक्ति बिसेस प्रति लाच्छित गरिएको हैन ) 

हरेक वर्ष बजेट भासन गरिन्छ , टिभीमा प्रसारण हुन्छ , मान्छे हरु बडो उत्सुक भएर सुन छन् | कर्मचारी लाइ तलब बढ्छ कि बढ्दैन भन्ने उत्सुकता, बृद्ध लाइ भत्ता बढोस भन्ने इच्छा , बिद्यार्थी लाइ महंगी नबढोस भन्ने चिन्ता | देशलाइ चाहिने सामान्य खर्चको किटानी गर्ने बाहेक बजेटको खास aim भनेको बिकाश हो | कुन क्षेत्र को बिकाशको लागि कति खर्च दिने भन्ने हो | तर जब यो वर्ष सकिन्छ , फेरी पनि समाचार आउछ " यो वर्ष बिकाश बजेट को २५% पनि खर्च हुन सकेन " | सकोस पनि कसरि , बाटो को उदाहरण दिदा, बजेट छुट्याई सकेपछि संसदमा छलफल हुदै ६ महिना बित्छ , तेसपछि बर्खा लाग्छ, पानि परेर काम हुदैन , अनि दसैँ आउछ , तिहार आउछ, कर्मचारी, कामदार जिल्लामा उपस्थित भैसक्दा अर्को १ महिना बित्छ अनि बाकी २ महिना कोदालो खनेर ५ खर्ब को विकास बजेट कसरि सक्याउने ? अरु क्षेत्र को कुरा गर्दा अर्थमन्त्री लाइ विकासका लागि येसो येसो गर्ने भन्ने चै थाहा हुन्छ तर ठ्याक्कै गर्ने कसरि भन्ने चै थाहा नहुदो रहेछ | तेसैले बजेट भासन मा जति सुकै खोके पनि हुने केहि नभएपछि आजकल मान्छे हरुले बजेट भासन लाइ बजेट जात्रा भन्ने गर्छन | चाहे त्यो ख प्र ( खड्ग प्रसाद ) ओली को बजेट होस् चाहे छबि लाल दाहाल को |

नेपालमा बिकाश किन भएन भन्ने १९८ तर्क गर्न सकिन्छ तर प्रमुख कारण हिस्टोरिकल लिगेसी नै हो | पृथ्बीनारायण साहा लाइ नुवाकोट हान्न पैसा भएन , बिसे नगर्ची ले हरेक देस बासि संग थोरै थोरै पैसा उठाउ, धेरै हुन्छ, एकीकरण सम्भब छ भनि सिकाइदिये | Modern Tax System को आइडिया दिए | राजा त्रिभुवन राना हरु संग कोट मागी मागी लाउथे , उनि संग कोट किन्ने हैसियत पनि थिएन तर ज्ञानेन्द्र सम्म आइपुग्दा राजसंस्था धेरै धनि देखियो | राजसंस्था धनि भयो तर जनता गरिब रहे |नेपाल गरिब हुनु को प्रमुख कारण नै non-inclusion हो |यो अविकास र गृह युद्ध को कारण हो जुन Daron Acemoglu र James Robinson ले Why Nations Fail भन्ने किताबमा अन्तरास्ट्रिय अध्यन गरि किटानी गरेका छन् | आफ्ना आसेपासे केन्द्रित राज नै हो जसले ९८% जनता लाइ अध्यारोमा राख्यो | त्यो नीति Colonialism को extended part थियो | कंगो का तानासाही मोबुतु सेसे सेको ले भन्ने गर्थे "ग्रामीण भेग जोड्ने बाटो नबनाउ , बनायेउ भने उनीहरु तिमि भाको ठाउमा आउछन् , आन्दोलन गर्छन र तिम्रो राज सकिन्छ | नेपाली तानासाहीले तेही सिके , काठमाडौँ केन्द्रित सरकार थियो , तेस बाहिर अर्कै ग्रह थियो | दरबार तेही थियो , बिकाश तेही थियो, गाडी तेही थिए, स्कुल तेही थिए , बाकी देश अन्धकार थियो | अनि शासक लाइ एक मात्र डर थियो त काठमाडौँ उपत्यका भित्रकै सोसित जनता | भक्तपुरमा भक्तपुरे नेवार को डर थियो , उनीहरुलाई आर्मी क्याम्प ले घेरिदियो | सानोठिमी मा क्याम्प राखिदियो , सल्लाघारी , सुर्यविनायक , खरीपाटि , नगरकोट मा अर्का खोलि पुरै घेरिदियो | काठमाडौँमा हेर्ने हो भने पुराना नेवार बस्ति जहाँ जहाँ छन्, ति ठाउँ हरुलाई क्याम्पले घेरिएको छ | आज बस्ति बिकाश र जनसंख्या वृद्धि ले त्यो देख्न सकिन्न | र अर्को, बेलायेती ले Colonialism ताका प्रयोग गरेको नीति लियो | प्रमुख ग्रुप लाइ हातमा लिउ | नेवार भित्रका प्रमुख ग्रुप , श्रेष्ठ , बैद्य र जोशी लाइ हातमा लियो , शाक्य हरु त बुद्धिस्ट हुन् , झैझगडा गर्दैनन् , बाकि सबै सोसित भैराखे | ४७ साल पछि सिक्षा र Financial Sector मा केहि बिकाश भयो जसका कारण आज अर्थतन्त्र टिकी रहेको छ तर जब माओबादी युद्ध सुरु भयो , बिकास को काम ठप्पै रोकियो | तेही non-inclusion का कारण आज उठाइएका जनजाती आन्दोलन का माग हरु जायज छन् , लोकसेवा र राजनीतिमा प्राय एउतै जात धेरै हुनुको तर्क तेस जात ले गरेको प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा योगदान भनिन्छ तर त्यो ठिक हैन | प्राय सहिद हुनेमा जनजाती छन् , धर्मभक्त माथेमा, सुक्रराज सास्त्री , गंगालाल श्रेष्ठ यित्यादी | बिडम्बना , प्रजातन्त्र आइ सकेपछि पनि non-inclusion को issue लाइ सम्बोधन गरिएन जसले अर्को युद्ध ल्यायो |

आजका बहुदल बिरोधि हरुले प्रजातन्त्र आउनु अघि एस्तो एस्तो विकास थियो भने पनि आफ्नो पौरख बाट बनाएको कमै थिए, बिदेसीले दान दिएका चिज हरु धेरै थिए | भारतले त्रिभुवन विमानस्थल , बिर अस्पताल , त्रिभुवन राजमार्ग र सोभियत संघ संग मिलेर पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्ग बनाइदिएको थियो | चिन ले ट्रली बस, सार्क भवन , राष्ट्रिय सभा गृह , बांसभारी जुत्ता कारखाना, हरिसिद्धि इट्टा भट्टा ग्रुप दियो | अमेरिकाले बालाजु औद्योगिक क्षेत्र बनाइदियो , कोका कोला जस्ता Western Brands नेपाल छिरायो | जापान ले टिचिंग अस्पताल , बि पी राजमार्ग र मेलम्ची आयोजना खोलिदियो | येसैगरि जर्मनी ले टीबी अस्पताल सहित विभिन्न देश ले थुप्रै दान दिए | दुर्भाग्य, राजनीतिक अस्थिरता र माओबादी आतंकले यी सबै कुरा ध्वस्त बनाइदियो | एक जीवित उदाहरण दिनुपर्दा , आज भन्दा २० वर्ष अगाडी यूरोप का ४ ओटा सहर सिधै पुर्याउने रोयेल नेपाल एर लाइन्स आज २ ओटा जहाज मा सिमित भएको छ | २० वर्ष पहिले लन्डन , फ्र्यांकफर्ट , र भियना जस्ता सहर काठमाडौँ बाट सिधै पुग्न सकिन्थ्यो | राजनीतिक भागबन्डा ले त्यो आज मिठो सपना को रुपमा मात्रै प्रस्तुत छ |

नेपालका अविकास का कारण non-inclusion बाहेक अर्को प्रमुख क्षेत्र सिक्षा हो | सरकारी स्कुल को दर्दनाक स्थिति हेर्नु पर्दा हरेक एस एल सी अनुतिर्ण हुनेको संख्या करिब ८५% छ | १०० मा ३२ अंक ल्याए पास भैंछ , " २७ सम्म आए पास गरिदिनु " भन्ने in-official system छ तैपनि ८५% फेल हुनु भनेको नीति को कमजोरी हो , बिद्यार्थी को हैन | ८५% गरिब बिद्यार्थी को भबिस्य माथि खेलबाड गर्नु एक नकारात्मक पक्ष हो भने अर्को पक्ष , एस्तो स्थिति हुदा निजि बिद्यालयमा पढ्ने माथि पुग्ने तर गरिब हरु गरिब नै रहने हुन्छ , उनीहरु Poverty Trap बाट उम्कनै सक्दैनन् र एसले आसमानता उत्पन्न गराउछ | एसको अन्त्य गर्न Financial Aspect तिर हेर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ | National Bureau of Statistics को डाटा अनुसार सरकारी बिध्यलायेमा नेपाल सरकार लाई प्रति बिद्यार्थी प्रति महिना करिब २८०० रुपिया खर्च लाग्दो रहेछ | निजि बिद्यालय तर्फा हेर्दा प्रति बिद्यार्थी प्रति महिना ११०० रुपिया मात्र लाग्दो रहेछ | भन्नुको मतलब , येदि सरकारले सरकारी बिद्यालय खारेज गरि ति सबै बिद्यार्थी लाइ निजि स्कुलमा पढ्ने पैसा नै दिने हो भने पनि फाइदा हुने रहेछ | तेस बाहेक निजि बिद्यालय को स्तर बढी हुने हुदा long term मा एसले गरिबी र असमानता हटाउने काम गर्छ | तर येसो भन्नु को मतलब निजि स्कुल सबै राम्रा छन् भन्ने पनि हैन , कमजोरी प्रसस्तै छन् | धेरै क्लास लिएर, धेरै गृहकार्य दिएर , पिटेर बिद्यार्थी राम्रो हुने हैन | नेपालको परिबेसमा पराए बिद्यार्थी लाइ सिक्षक देखि डर लाग्छ , तेसैले बिद्यार्थीले सिक्षक लाइ मन्पराउदैनन | „ You never learn from people you dont like " | अर्को पक्ष , नेपाल को संधर्ब मा गणित , बिज्ञान, अंग्रेजी घोक्न सक्ने सबै राम्रा बिद्यार्थी , नसक्ने कम्जोर भन्ने प्रबिर्ती हाभी छ | बिद्यार्थी हरुमा आफ्नो आफ्नो खुबी हुन्छ , कला हुन्छ , त्यो कला र खुबी लाइ प्रोत्साहन दियियेमा त्यो नै सिक्षा हो | सबै जना गणित मै राम्रो हुनु पर्छ भन्ने छैन , गायनमा, चित्रकलामा वा मेकानिकल कुरा मा पनि हुन सक्छ | यूरोपका Waldorf Schools हरु बिस्व मै उत्क्रिस्त हुनुको कारण पनि तेही हो | त्यहाँ बिद्यार्थी लाई आफै सोच्न सिकाइन्छ, सेल्फ लर्निङ्ग लाई प्राथमिकता दीइन्छ | तेस बाहेक अन्तरास्ट्रिय मानबताबादी धारणा मा आधारित सिक्षा दीइन्छ | हाम्रा पुर्खा बहादुर, हाम्रा ले येति देश जितेका थिए , त्यहाँ त्यहाँ कब्जा गरेका थिए भन्ने जस्ता तत्व ले बिद्यार्थी को मस्तिस्क लाइ घमण्डी र अहंकारी बनाउछ र उसको सोचाइ narrow बनाइदिन्छ |

Non-inclusion, Low quality education बाहेक अरु थुप्रै कारण छन् बिकाश नहुनुमा तर अहिले लाई ति सबै कुराको छलफल यो लेख मत्फत उतार्न सम्भब छैन | तर बिकाश महत्वपुर्ण छ तेसैले आर्थिक वृद्धि अपरिहार्य छ | दक्षिण कोरिया , ताइवान , सिंगापुर र चिन ले बिकाश गरे भन्ने आज थाहा नभएका कोहि नहोला तर उनीहरुको नीति केके थिए त्यो अध्यन गरेको भए नेपाल ले तिनै नीति रिफाइन गरि आफ्नो परिबेसमा adapt हुने गरि लागु गरिनु पर्थ्यो | बिकाश भयो भने फाइदा हुन्छ भन्ने मात्र हैन बिकाश भएन भने तेस्ले अरु धेरै समस्या ल्याउन सक्छ भन्ने कुरा बुझ्नु जरुरि छ | किनकि जहाँ गरिबी छ, त्यहाँ हिम्सा हुन्छ , जहाँ फोहोर छ त्यहाँ रोग फैलिन्छ , जहाँ भेद भाब छ त्यहाँ दंगा हुन्छ , अविकसित र गरिब ठाउँ गृहयुद्ध को उर्बर भुमि बन्छ | आज युद्ध मा होमिएका सबै देश गरिब र अविकसित देस नै छन् |तेसैले, आर्थिक बिकाश नेपाल को नम्बर एक प्राथमिकता हुनु जरुरि छ | नेपाल ले बजारीकरण , खुला अर्थतन्त्र र मानब बिकाश मा जोड दिनु जरुरि छ | नेपाल सरकार ले ५०० खरब कै बजेट ल्याए पनि येदि मानब विकास कम छ र दक्ष जनसक्ति छैनन् भने त्यो केहि काम लाग्दैन | बाटो बनाउन पैसा भएर पुग्दैन , Engineering Skills चाहिन्छ, ग्रामीण भेगमा स्वास्थ्य सुबिधा पुर्याउन पैसा ले मात्र हुदैन , डाक्टर , नर्स, अन्य स्वास्थ्य कर्मी हरु र मेडिकल infra-structure पनि चाहिन्छ | येति लाख टुरिस्ट भित्रयाउछु भनेर त्यहाँ पैसा पोखेर पुग्दैन , तेस बिषयको बिज्ञ पनि चाहिन्छ | लुम्बिनी वर्ष मनाउने भनेर नेता जी हरुले रिबन काट्नु भो , ५ लाख टुरिस्ट भित्रयाउ छु भनेर भासन गर्नुभो , पैसा पनि खर्च गर्नुभो तर management skill नहुदा त्यो लागु हुन सकेन र १ लाख टुरिस्ट मात्र आए जति त हरेक वर्ष आइरहेका थिए |

५० वर्ष अगाडी हाम्रै हैसियतका देस हरुका नीति अध्यन गरि तेस्लाई नेपाली समाजमा adapt हुने गरि लागु गरिनु पर्छ | इस्ट एसिया , ब्राजिल , बोत्स्वाना र अन्य अति तिब्र बिकसित मुलुक र क्षेत्र हरुले लिएका नीति येस्प्रकार थिए :

- अन्तरास्ट्रिय ब्यापार मा ब्युरोक्रेसी घटाएको

- साना मझौला उध्यॊग लाइ मार्केट इन्ट्री खुकुलो पारिनु

- National Enterprises हरुको निजीकरण

- Powerful Institutions हरुको स्थापना

- डाटा कलेक्सन गर्ने प्रमुख सरकारी कार्यालय हरुको स्थापना

- बचत गर्न उत्प्रेरित गर्ने नीति नियम

- Ressource Allocation market mechanisms हरुको हात मा छोडदिनु

- अन्तरास्ट्रिय समुदाय बाट टेक्नोलोजिकल ज्ञान सिक्ने र लोकल context मा लागु

- गुणस्तरीय सिक्षा मा तिब्र लगानी

- आफ्नो देस मा नभएका बिज्ञ हरु बिदेस बाट लेराउनु

- Financial sector लाइ stable बनाउने

- माइक्रो क्रेडिट स्किम मा ऋण दिने

- सेयर बजार को स्थापना

- मुद्रा नीतिमा कडा निगरानी

- Financial sector मा कडा निगरानी

- Accounting Standards को नियम बनाउनु

- Competition Policy को स्थापना

- भौतिक पुर्भाधार मा तिब्र लगानी

- प्रकिर्तिक स्रोत भएका क्षेत्र लाइ बिसेस प्राथमिकता

- क्रिसी क्षेत्र को आधुनिकीकरण

- बिदेसी टेक्नोलोजी भित्र्याउदा कर नलाग्ने बेवस्था आदि यित्यादी ….

के नेपाल ले यी नीति ल्याएको छ ? अन्तरास्ट्रिय बजार मा समान निर्यात गरि बिदेसी मुद्रा संकलन मा अग्र कम्पनि हरुलाई सरकारी तर्फ बाट सहयोग छ ? निजीकरण लाइ प्राथमिकता दियियेका छन् ? संघ संस्था हरु पावरफुल छन् ? Research Institutes हरु पर्याप्त मात्रामा छन् ? नेपाल को मुद्रा नीति उपयुक्त छ ? निगरानी मा छ ? Financial sector मा निगरानी छ ? Regulate गरिएका छन् ? Accounting Standards लागु गरिएका छन् ? कर व्यवस्था viable छ ? भौतिक निर्माण strategic छ ? क्रिसी क्षेत्र आधुनिक छ ? लेटेस्ट टेक्नोलोजी को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ? यी प्रस्न हरु बारे सार्बजनिक बहस हुनु जरुरि छ |

बजेट ले ति कुरा लाइ ध्यान दिएको देखिन्न , नत्र आज अति कम मानब बिकाश भै आधा जनसक्ति खाडी मुलुक गैरहनु परेको अवस्थामा सिक्षा र Vocational Training को लागि बजेट घटाउनु ले सरकार को अपरिपक्वता र बिसयगत knowledge नभएको देखाउछ |

नेपालले स्विकार्नु पर्ने एउटा कुरा के हो भने हामी बिपन्न मुलुक हौ , हामी गरिब छौ | जब म नेपाली अखबार हरु पढ्छु , नेपाली हरुको कुरा सुन्छु , नेपाल त बिस्व कै सबै भन्दा महत्वपुर्ण र धनि मुलुक हो कि भन्ने लाग्छ | बास्तबिकता ठिक उल्टो छ | आफ्नो घमण्डता , अहंकार मा अड्किनु भन्दा यथार्थता बुझ्नु जरुरि छ | नेपाल एसिया कै सबै भन्दा गरिब देस हो | अफघानिस्तान भन्दा पनि गरिब , अफघानिस्तान जहाँ युद्ध चलिरहेछ | अनि जब सारा भारती नै काम गर्न नेपाल आउने जसरि सिमा मा पर्खाल लगाउने कुरा सुन्छु , हास्न मन लाग्छ | पर्खाल लगाए बेफाइदा कसलाई हुन्छ ? नेपाल को अर्थतन्त्र भारत को अर्थतन्त्र को ०.९% छ | भन्नुको मतलब १०० ओटा नेपाल बराबर एउटा भारत हुन्छ, अर्थतन्त्र को आधारमा | अनि आज भारत प्रति रिस उठे सिमामा पर्खाल लाउने ले भोलि चिन ले निहू खोज्यो भने सगरमाथा मा गस्ती गर्न जान्छौ ? हात्ती र कमिला को जोक्स झैँ | सानो र अति बिपन्न मुलुकले अन्तरास्ट्रिय समुदायमा अति बिकसित वा सक्तिसाली मुलुक झैँ सम्मान खोज्नु मृगत्रिस्ना मात्रै हो | ७८% खाद्यान्न आयात गरिने मुलुक लाइ पत्रपत्रिका मार्फत गालि गर्नु मुर्खता हो | राजनीतिक समस्या diplomatically सुल्झाउने हो | तेती गर्ने बुद्धि छैन त सिक्षामा लगानी गर | समस्या समाधान गर्न पर्खाल हैन झनै धेरै business links बढाउनु पर्छ | एक अर्का संग ब्यापार गर्दा मित्रता बढ्छ , inter-dependency बढ्छ | मित्रता र inter-dependency बढ्दा युद्ध हुने सम्भावना कम हुन्छ , तेसैले ब्यापारले सान्ति ल्याउछ | ब्यापार नै सान्ति स्थापना गर्ने एक प्रमुख टुल हो | छिमेकि देस हरुलाई गाली गर्न बन्द गर | २-४ जना मान्छे वा राजनीतिक पार्टी खरब भयो भन्दैमा पुरै देस लाइ गाली गर्न मिल्दैन | छिमेकि देश हरुलाई गाली गरेर खोक्रो रास्त्रबाद झल्काउनु आजको जमानामा पाखण्ड हो |

आजको युग बिस्वब्यापिकरण को युग हो | ग्लोबलाइजेसन लाइ रोकेर रोकिन्न | रास्त्रबादी हरुको युग सकिएको छ | तर नेपालको परिबेसमा आफुलाई रास्त्रबादी भन्ने कम्युनिस्ट हरुले बिर्से जस्तो लाग्छ कि कम्युनिजम ले रास्त्रबाद लाइ पुरै नकारछ | कम्युनिस्ट सोभियत संघ को राष्ट्रिय गान अन्तरास्ट्रिय थियो | दृतिय बिस्व युद्धमा कम्युनिस्ट हरुले त कट्टर रस्त्रबादी हरु बिरुद्ध लडेर जित हासिल गरेका थिए | तेसैले बिदेसी diplomats हरु नेपाल आउदा झुक्किने गर्छन | नेपाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी हरु आफुलाई कम्युनिस्ट भंचन तर नीति अर्को लिन छन् | पार्टी कार्यालय को भित्तामा माओ , लेनिन , स्टालिन का फोटो झुन्डिएको देखिन्छ | बिदेसी पाहुना आउदा ति फोटो झिक्चन रे भन्ने पनि सुनिन्छ | पार्टीको नाम कम्युनिस्ट भए पनि लोकतान्त्रिक , बहुदलबाद र प्रजातन्त्र मा विश्वास छ भने त्यो राम्रो हो तर अझै कम्युनिस्ट म्यान्डेट पुरा गर्छु भनेर लाग्ने हो भने तेस्ले देश लाइ अझै अन्धकारमा धकेल्छ | कम्युनिस्ट हरुकै उच्च पिता कार्ल मार्क्स जन्मिएको देस जर्मनी मा कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी लाइ प्रतिबन्ध लगाइएको छ | ४० वर्ष कम्युनिस्ट सासन भोगेका पोल्याण्ड र केहि पुर्बी यूरोपेली देश हरुमा खुला स्थानमा कम्युनिस्ट चिन्न भएका लुगा लगाएर हिडेमा २ वर्ष कैद सम्म सजाए हुन्छ |

पुजिबाद लाई नकार्नु कम्युनिस्ट हरुको अबुझ्ता हो | पुजी बिना बिकाश सम्भब छैन | पुजी (Capital) भनेको के हो ? पुजी भनेको त्यो चिज हो जसको प्रयोग गरि आम्दानी गरिन्छ | लुगा सिउने मान्छे को लागि उसको कल पुजी (Physical Capital) हो किनकि उसले कल को प्रयोग गरि आम्दानी गर्छ | डाक्टर को लागि उसको सिप नै पुजी हो | एस्तो कुनै पनि किसिम को सिप लाइ Human Capital भनिन्छ | पैसा पनि पुजी हो जसलाई Financial Capital भनिन्छ किनकि हामी पैसा लगानी गरेर थप अरु पैसा कमाउन सक्छौ | तेसैले, पुजिबाद को बिरोध गर्नु लुगा सिउने लाइ कल को प्रयोग नगर , डाक्टर लाइ बिरामी नजाच वा सिप को प्रयोग नगर भन्नु हो | पुजीबादी खुला अर्थतन्त्र अंगालेर तिब्र आर्थिक बिकाश गरि आधा अरब भन्दा बढी मान्छे लाइ गरिबीको रेखा मुनि बाट निकाल्ने मुलुक चिन हो | माओ को कम्युनिजम ले त Agricultural Reform का कारण ३० करोड मान्छे को ज्यान गएको थियो , करोडौ कुपोसन का सिकार भएका थिए | तर जब Deng Xiaoping ले पुजीबादी नीति लिएर अघि बढे, बिकाश को क्रम सुरु भयो | आज GDP को आधार मा चिन बिस्व मा सबै भन्दा धनि मुलुक भएको छ | Deng Xioping पछिका पराए सबै राष्ट्र प्रमुख हरु: Zhou Enlai, Zhao Ziang, Jiang Zemin, Wen Jiabao, Xi Xingping ले उही नीति लाइ निरन्तरता दिए, आर्थिक बिकाश |

यो लेख मा रास्त्रबाद को कुरा किन आयो भने रास्त्रबाद खतरनाक चिज हो | एसले २ पटक बिस्व युद्ध गराएको छ, कयौ युद्ध गराएको छ र गराईरहनेछ | आजको युगमा दुइ देश बीच पर्खाल हैन पुल बनाउनु पर्छ | नेपाल जस्तो देश जसको अर्थतन्त्र को २९% हिस्सा नै रेमिट्यान्स छ र करिब आधा हिस्सा रेमिट्यान्स ले धानेको छ, तेस्तो देस ले रास्त्रबाद को नारा खोक्दै पर्खाल लगाउनु आफ्नै खुट्टामा बन्चरो हान्नु हो | धनि वर्ग ले त मरिचमानले जस्तो  प्लेन बाटै समान ल्याएर भएपनि गुजारा गर्ला तर गरिबले सक्दैन | पहिले गरिब नै मर्छ | सिमा क्षेत्रमा समस्या छ त सुल्झाउनु पर्यो नि , राजनीतिक समस्या सुल्झाउन नसक्ने हरुले parliament मा बसी रहनुको तुक छैन | र पर्खाल लगाए पनि तेस्ले समस्या हट्दैन | अमेरिकाले मिलिटरी गार्ड सहित वाच गरेको पर्खाल हुदा हुदै पनि लाखौ मेक्सिकन हरु अमेरिका आइरहेका छन् |बर्लिन को पर्खालले पुर्बी जर्मन हरुलाई पश्चिम जर्मनी आउन रोकेन | राजनीतिक समस्या Diplomacyले सुल्झाउने हो , पर्खाल ले, बन्दुक ले, गोलि गट्ठा ले हैन |आगो निभाउन आगो मा ज्वालामुखी हालेर हुदैन , आगो पानि ले मात्र निभ्छ |

बिकाश बजेट र रास्त्रियता लाइ एकै साथ जोड्नु को कारण के हो भने यी तिन कुरा नेपाली संधर्ब मा जोडिएका छन् | येसपालीका बजेट म्यानेज गर्ने दुवै तत्व विकास बिरोधि छन् | कम्युनिस्ट ले विकास हुन दिदैन किनकि उनीहरुले विकास का प्रमुख स्रोत हरुलाई मान्दैनन , तेस्लाई सामन्ती प्रथा को रुपमा लिनछन् , तेस बिरुद्ध लढ़छन् , रगत बगाउन तयार हुन्छन , सिद्दान्त को लागि मर्न सम्म तयार हुन्छन | ( I will not die for my beliefs because I might be wrong: Bertrand Russel ) | नेपालमा भएको पनि तेही छ जस्तै माओबादी युद्ध | उनीहरुले सत्ता कब्जा त गरे तर असल सरकार दिन सकेनन किनकि रगतको आहाल बाट सत्तामा पुगेका क्रान्तिकारी हरुले अरुको भलो सोच्दैनन् , जंगल बाट आएका हरुले विकास हैन देशनै जंगली बनाइ दिनछन् | तर पनि तिनै कम्युनिस्ट भन्न रुचाउने हरु हरेक वर्ष कट्टर पुजीबादी देश अमेरिका जान डीभी भरछन् , सके सम्म पुजीबादी देश हरु , यूरोप र जापान नै जाउ भंचन , उत्तर कोरिया , क्युबा जान चाहन्छु भन्दैनन |

अर्कोथरी तत्व कट्टर रास्त्रबादी छ | रास्त्रबादी दुइ थरिका हुन्छन | एकथरि आफु बस्ने ठाउँ , क्षेत्र वा रास्ट्र को हित चाहने तर सान्ति, मानबता र अन्तरास्ट्रिय भ्रातृत्व लाइ सम्मान गर्ने रास्त्रबादी जसलाई अंग्रजी लाइ Patriotism पनि भन्न सकिन्छ | एसको एक उदाहरण बेलायेत को स्कटल्याण्ड को Scottish National Party हो जुन एउटा Social Democratic पार्टी को रुपमा प्रस्तुत छ |अर्काथरी कट्टर रास्त्रबादी हरु छन् जो ' बाहिरका मान्छे लाइ मेरो देसमा आउनु दिनु हुदैन, बस्न दिनु हुदैन , भएका लाइ लखेट्नु पर्छ भन्ने हरु जसलाई सान्ति को मतलब हुदैन , अन्तरास्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध को मतलब हुदैन | अंग्रेजीमा एस्ता कट्टर हरुलाई Nationalists भनिन्छ | कुनै दुइ देश बीच येस्तै कट्टर बादी हरुको झगडा भए युद्ध नै हुन्छ | यूरोपमा एसले २ ओटा बिस्व युद्ध गरायो , ८ करोड मान्छे को ज्यान गयो, करोडौ घाइते भए | नेपालमा यिनै हाबी छन् | धनि र गरिब देस दुवै मा कट्टर रास्त्रबाद खतरनाक हुन्छ किनकि एसले भएको बिकाश पनि युद्धका कारण ध्वस्त गर्छ |

विकास का लागि नकारात्मक रास्त्रियता किन नराम्रो हो ? किनकि मानबता, स्वतन्त्रता र प्रजातन्त्र अपरिहार्य छ | औद्योगिकरण यूरोपमा नै किन सुरु भयो ? अन्य ठाउँ मा किन भएन ? किनकि औद्योगिकरण अगाडी सामाजिक बिकाश गरियो , उर्बर भुमि तयार परियो जसलाई हामी Age of Enlightenment भन्छौ | बडो मानबताबादी नीति नियमले हरेक मान्छे लाइ सोच्ने स्वतन्त्रता दियो , आफ्ना विचार राख्न पाउने स्वतन्त्रता दियो , छिमेकि मुलुक का बुद्धिजिबी हरु संग छलफल गर्ने, सिक्ने बाताबरण तयार पार्यो | पृथ्वी ले सुर्य लाइ घुम्छ भन्दा मृत्यु दण्ड दिने समाज मानबता र प्रजातन्त्रमा केन्द्रित भयो | जब मान्छेले स्वतन्त्रता पाए, आविस्कार गर्न सके अनि औद्योगिकरण सम्भब भयो | ति Age of Enlightenment का बेलाका महान विचार हरु फिलोसोफेर हरु जस्तै Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Rene Descartes हरुले आफ्ना कृति हरुमा उतारेका छन् जुन सबैले पढ्न सकिन्छ | तेसैले नेपालमा पनि बिकाश अघि एस्ता Social and Philosophical aspects हरुलाई reform हुन दिनु पर्छ |

आजको युग सान्ति को युग हो , माया , अन्तरास्ट्रिय मित्रता,  र  मानबताको युग हो | येही नै हाम्रो आदर्स हुनु पर्छ|  येदि हामी यी सिद्दान्त अंगालछौ त Sustainable Development सम्भब छ नत्र हाम्रो अन्त्य निश्चित छ | बिस्वका महान व्यक्तित्व हरु जसलाई आज हामि पुजा गर्छौ, उनीहरुले मानबता बादी नीति लिएका थिए , रास्त्रबादी हैन | नेल्सन मण्डेला जसले सान्ति को बाटो अपनाई Apartheid अन्त्य गर्न सके, महात्मा गान्धी जसले घाम नाअस्ताउने साम्राज्य लाइ घुडा टेकाए , एल्बर्ट स्वैज्जर जसले रेड क्रस को स्थापना गरे र कयौ एस्ता मानबता बादी व्यक्तित्व हरु जो आज पनि अरुको सेवा मा लागेका छन् | बिकाश अघि नेपाल लाइ तेस्ता महान व्यक्तित्व हरुको खाचो छ जसले non-violent रुप मा परिबर्तन ल्याउन सपना देख्छ , जस्तै ४ महान सहिद हरु जो आज हरेक प्रजातन्त्र प्रेमी नेपाली को अनुहार हरुमा हासीरहेका छन् | अनि त्यो गीत को याद आउछ ... " हेर न सहिद हरुलाई , नेपाली को अनुहार मा हासिरहेको , उनको बास स्वर्ग लोक मा जहाँ उनि बाँची रहेको , जहाँ उनि बाँची रहेको " ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAW2G_5YDYs ) |